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2008, Vol. 3 No. 2, Article 29
Efficacy of different Anthelmintic formulations against
Helminth Infestation in Sheep
S. Nasreen*, M. R. Khan, S. Peerzada
and S. A. Andrabia
Division of Parasitology,
Department of Sheep Husbandry, Kashmir
a Department of Animal Husbandry, Kashmir
*Corresponding Author; Tel.: +91-99065-09564
ABSTRACT
A study of comparative efficacy of six different commercial anthelmintic formulations against natural helminth infestations in sheep was conducted. Pre and post-treatment EPG (eggs per gram) values were recorded and efficacies compared. Results showed that a combination of Ivermectin and Clorsulon in injectable form gave the overall highest curative rate against the parasites studied.
KEY WORDS
Anthelmintic, helminth, parasitic
gastroenteritis, sheep.
INTRODUCTION
Helminth infestation continues to be one of the major problems facing sheep husbandry. Decreased wool growth, reproduction and not infrequently death due to secondary infections being the common sequels.
Parasitic gastroenteritis is another outcome when helminths infest the
alimentary tract. It is world wide in occurrence and is very common in Jammu and Kashmir.
The present study was undertaken to know the comparative efficacy of six commonly available anthelmintic formulations against natural gastrointestinal helminth infestation of sheep in Kashmir Valley.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Forty two (42) male hoggets with naturally acquired gastro-intestinal helminth infestations were selected at the Sheep Breeding Farm, Dachigam,
Srinagar. The selected animals were tagged and randomly grouped in
to seven groups (A, B, C, D, E, F, and G) of six animals each (Table
1).
Fecal samples (pre-treatment) were collected from all of the
animals in the different treatment groups (day 0) followed immediately by administration of anthelmintic drug formulations (Formulation 1 to 6). The composition of the formulations,
dosages and respective treatment groups are presented in Table 2. The animals of group “A” were not administered any anthelmintic and served as control.
The quantitative faecal sample examination was undertaken in all the sheep of the seven groups pre-treatment (day 0) and then on 7th, 14th and 21st day post treatment by Stoll’s egg counting technique to determine the number of eggs per gram of feces (EPG) (Soulsby, 1986).
Percent efficacy of the various anthelmintic formulations was calculated for 7th, 14th and 21st
day post treatment by using the standard formula (Taylor et al, 1993)
Percent efficacy = Mean EPG Pre treatment –
Mean EPG Post treatment
x 100
Mean EGP Pre treatment
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The percent efficacy of the six different anthelmintic formulations against various gastrointestinal helminth parasites is presented in Table 4.
In group A (untreated control) the average EGP showed a progressive increase in count over the period of observation for all the parasites studied. In
all the treated groups (B, C, D E, F, and G) the EPG’s showed varying levels of reduction or became zero (Table 3).
The average efficacy of Formulation-1 (oxydozanide-levamisole) was higher for GI nematodes and
trematodes (Strongyle 97.29%, Strongyloid 95%, Dictyocaulus 90.19% and
Fasciola/Dicrocoelia
96.66% spp.) than cestodes (Moneizia spp. 20%). This result is in agreement with the observations of Singh et al (2001) who too reported similar poor results of the formulation for
Moneizia spp.
A high efficacy was shown by Formulation-2 (oxyclozanide-oxybendazole) against
Dictyocaulus (93.33%), and Moneizia (96.66%) spp. however it had a relatively poor action against
Strongyloid (29.62%), Strongyle (83.33%) and
Fasciola/Dicrocoelia (86.66%) spp.
The efficacies of Formulation-3 (triclabendazole-ivermectin) and Formulation-4 (ivermectin) were high against
Strongyle (99.66%), Strongyloid (100%), Dictyocaulus (94.27%) and
Fasciola (93.33%) spp. and low against Moneizia (35.83%). Similar observations have also been reported by S. Nasreen et al (2007), Singh RJ (2001) and Swan et al (1984).
Formulation-5 (enbendazole-praziquental) showed a high efficacy against SStrongyle (98.96%),
Strongyloid (96%) and Dictyocaulus (93.33%) spp. but low against
Fasciola/Dicrocoelia (29.62%) and Moneizia
(79.66%) spp., observations in agreement with previous works of Khillore et al (2002) and Nasreen et al (2007) for sheep infected with
Nematodirus.
Formulation-6 (ivermectin-clorsulan, injectible) was very efficacious against all studied helminths. Showing 100% efficacy against
Dictyocaulus, 99.73% against Strongyle, 99.20% against
Strongyloid, 98.33% against Fasciola/Dicrocoelia and 99% against
Moneizia spp. Similar observations have also been reported by Westcott et al (1982) against intestinal nematodiasis in sheep and goat.
REFERENCES
-
Khillara BS, Raote YV and Yadav GU. Studies on Comparative efficacy of some anthelmintics in Sheep.
Ind Vet J. 2002; 79 :481-483.
-
Nasreen S, Ghulam Jeelani & Sheikh
FD. Efficacy of Different Anthelmintics against Gastro-interstitial Nematodes of Sheep in Kashmir Valley. Vet Scan,
2007; Vol 2 No.1 Article
13.
-
Singh RJ, Pandit BA & Khan HM. Comparative efficacy of Ivermectin, Albendazole, Nilzan (Oxyclozanide + Tetramizole ) against
GI nematodiasis in Alpine goats. Ind. Vet. J. Small ruminants.
2001; 7(2) 116-117
-
Soulsby , EJL. In: Helminth Arthropod and protozoa of domesticated animals. 7th Ed. Blackwell Scientific publication.;
1986
-
Swan GE, Sehroder J, Carmichael IH, Lovw JP, Harvey RG and Penderis I. Efficacy of ivermectin against intestinal
parasites of Sheep. J. South Afr. Vet Asso.,
1984;
55 :165-169
-
Taylor SH, Edger H and Kanny J. Prophylactic efficacy of Moxidection for peri-parturient ewes and
summer lambs. Vet Rec,
1993;
133:270-71
-
Westcott RB and Lea Master BR. Efficacy of Ivermectin against naturally acquired and experimentally induced nematode infection in sheep. Am. J. Vet. Res.
1982, 3:59-62
Table 1: Groups- composition and treatment
|
Group
|
Number of
animals
|
Formulation
administered
|
|
A
|
6
|
Nil (untreated control)
|
|
B
|
6
|
Formulation-1
|
|
C
|
6
|
Formulation-2
|
|
D
|
6
|
Formulation-3
|
|
E
|
6
|
Formulation-4
|
|
F
|
6
|
Formulation-5
|
|
G
|
6
|
Formulation-6
|
Table 2: Composition of the formulation, dosage and groups administered
|
Formulation
|
Composition
|
Dosage and route
|
Administered Group
|
|
1
|
Oxyclozanide IP vet 6%
w/v, Levamisole HCl 3% w/v
|
1ml per 4 Kg body
weight, orally
|
B
|
|
2
|
Oxyclozanide BP vet 3%
w/v, Oxybendazole BP vet 1.5% w/v
|
1ml per 3 Kg body
weight, orally
|
C
|
|
3
|
Triclabendazole 5%,
Ivermectin BP 0.1%
|
1ml per 5 Kg body
weight, orally
|
D
|
|
4
|
Ivermectin BP 0.08% w/v
|
1ml per 4 Kg body
weight, orally
|
E
|
|
5
|
Fenbendazole BP vet
15mg/ml, Praziquental 5mg/ml
|
1ml per 4 Kg body
weight, orally
|
F
|
|
6
|
Ivermectin BP 1% w/v,
Clorsulon USP 10% w/v
|
200 µg per Kg body
weight, sub-cutaneously
|
G
|
Table 3: Changes in EPG values for various helminths parasites of sheep on various treatment days
|
Formulation/Group
|
Parasitic Species
|
“0” day
|
7th day
|
14th day
|
21st day
|
|
Control-Infested and untreated,
Group A
|
Strongyle spp.
|
3600
|
6000
|
6500
|
6550
|
|
Strongyloid spp.
|
19
|
30
|
150
|
160
|
|
Dictyocaulus spp.
|
20
|
30
|
50
|
55
|
|
Moneizia spp.
|
280
|
285
|
292
|
300
|
|
Fasciola/Dicrocoelia spp.
|
15
|
25
|
26
|
30
|
|
Infested and treated groups
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Formulation-1, Group
B
|
Strongyle spp.
|
2800
|
80
|
67
|
80
|
|
Strongyloid spp.
|
100
|
10
|
5
|
-
|
|
Dictyocaulus spp.
|
17
|
5
|
-
|
-
|
|
Moneizia spp.
|
200
|
150
|
150
|
150
|
|
Fasciola / Dicrocoelia spp.
|
10
|
1
|
-
|
-
|
|
Formulation-2,
Group C
|
Strongyle spp.
|
2800
|
500
|
400
|
500
|
|
Strongyloid spp.
|
90
|
65
|
60
|
65
|
|
Dictyocaulus spp.
|
50
|
10
|
-
|
-
|
|
Moneizia spp.
|
300
|
43
|
5
|
-
|
|
Fasciola / Dicrocoelia spp.
|
10
|
2
|
2
|
--
|
|
Formulation-3,
Group D
|
Strongyle spp.
|
3000
|
30
|
-
|
-
|
|
Strongyloid spp.
|
20
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
|
Dictyocaulus spp.
|
30
|
5
|
-
|
-
|
|
Moneizia spp.
|
200
|
2
|
-
|
-
|
|
Fasciola / Dicrocoelia spp.
|
10
|
2
|
3
|
-
|
|
Formulation-4,
Group E
|
Strongyle spp.
|
2500
|
33
|
17
|
-
|
|
Strongyloid spp.
|
125
|
17
|
-
|
15
|
|
Dictyocaulus spp.
|
100
|
20
|
10
|
5
|
|
Moneizia spp.
|
210
|
130
|
130
|
130
|
|
Fasciola / Dicrocoelia spp.
|
7
|
3
|
2
|
1
|
|
Formulation-5,
Group F
|
Strongyle spp.
|
3200
|
66
|
-
|
30
|
|
Strongyloid spp.
|
125
|
10
|
-
|
5
|
|
Dictyocaulus spp.
|
10
|
2
|
-
|
-
|
|
Moneizia spp.
|
150
|
77
|
-
|
15
|
|
Fasciola/Dicrocoelia spp.
|
9
|
7
|
5
|
7
|
|
Formulation-6,
Group G
|
Strongyle spp.
|
2500
|
-
|
-
|
10
|
|
Strongyloid spp.
|
210
|
-
|
-
|
5
|
|
Dictyocaulus spp.
|
15
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
|
Moneizia spp.
|
200
|
3
|
-
|
-
|
|
Fasciola/Dicrocoelia spp.
|
20
|
1
|
-
|
-
|
Table 4: Percent changes (efficacy) in EPG values for various helminths parasites of sheep on various treatment days
|
Parasite
|
Group-Drug
Used
|
7th day
|
14th day
|
21st day
|
Average efficacy
|
|
Strongyle
spp.
|
Group B
Formulation-1
|
97.14
|
97.60
|
97.14
|
97.29
|
|
Strongyloid
spp.
|
Group B
Formulation-1
|
90.00
|
95.00
|
100.00
|
95.00
|
|
Dictyocaulus spp.
|
Group B
Formulation-1
|
70.58
|
100.00
|
100.00
|
90.19
|
|
Moneizia
spp.
|
Group B
Formulation-1
|
25.00
|
25.00
|
10.00
|
20.00
|
|
Fasciola/Dicrocoelia
spp.
|
Group B
Formulation-1
|
90.00
|
100.00
|
100.00
|
96.66
|
|
Strongyle
spp.
|
Group C
Formulation-2
|
82.14
|
85.71
|
82.14
|
83.33
|
|
Strongyloid
spp.
|
Group C
Formulation-2
|
27.77
|
33.33
|
27.77
|
29.62
|
|
Dictyocaulus spp.
|
Group C
Formulation-2
|
80.00
|
100.00
|
100.00
|
93.33
|
|
Moneizia
spp.
|
Group C
Formulation-2
|
85.66
|
98.33
|
100.00
|
96.66
|
|
Fasciola/Dicrocoelia
spp.
|
Group C
Formulation-2
|
80.00
|
80.00
|
100.00
|
86.66
|
|
Strongyle
spp.
|
Group D
Formulation-3
|
99.00
|
100.00
|
100.00
|
99.66
|
|
Strongyloid
spp.
|
Group D
Formulation-3
|
100.00
|
100.00
|
100.00
|
100.00
|
|
Dictyocaulus spp.
|
Group D
Formulation-3
|
83.33
|
100.00
|
100.00
|
94.51
|
|
Moneizia
spp.
|
Group D
Formulation-3
|
37.05
|
35.00
|
35.00
|
35.83
|
|
Fasciola/Dicrocoelia
spp.
|
Group D
Formulation-3
|
80.00
|
100.00
|
100.00
|
93.33
|
|
Strongyle
spp.
|
Group E
Formulation-4
|
98.68
|
99.32
|
100.00
|
99.33
|
|
Strongyloid
spp.
|
Group E
Formulation-4
|
86.04
|
100.00
|
88.00
|
91.46
|
|
Dictyocaulus spp.
|
Group E
Formulation-4
|
80.00
|
90.00
|
95.00
|
88.33
|
|
Moneizia
spp.
|
Group E
Formulation-4
|
98.09
|
35.71
|
35.23
|
36.34
|
|
Fasciola/Dicrocoelia
spp.
|
Group E
Formulation-4
|
57.14
|
71.42
|
85.71
|
71.42
|
|
Strongyle
spp.
|
Group F
Formulation-5
|
97.96
|
100.00
|
98.92
|
98.96
|
|
Strongyloid
spp.
|
Group F
Formulation-5
|
92.00
|
100.00
|
96.00
|
96.00
|
|
Dictyocaulus spp.
|
Group F
Formulation-5
|
80.00
|
100.00
|
100.00
|
93.33
|
|
Moneizia
spp.
|
Group F
Formulation-5
|
48.66
|
100.00
|
90.33
|
79.66
|
|
Fasciola/Dicrocoelia
spp.
|
Group F
Formulation-5
|
22.22
|
44.44
|
22.22
|
29.62
|
|
Strongyle
spp.
|
Group G
Formulation-6
|
99.61
|
100.00
|
99.6
|
99.73
|
|
Strongyloid
spp.
|
Group G
Formulation-6
|
100.00
|
100.00
|
97.61
|
99.20
|
|
Dictyocaulus spp.
|
Group G
Formulation-6
|
100.00
|
100.00
|
100.00
|
100.00
|
|
Moneizia
spp.
|
Group G
Formulation-6
|
98.00
|
100.00
|
100.00
|
99.00
|
|
Fasciola/Dicrocoelia spp.
|
Group G
Formulation-6
|
95.00
|
100.00
|
100.00
|
98.33
|
|
 |
